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What (who) is hypoglossal nerves - definition
![medulla]] (labelled 13), part of the [[brainstem]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Human brainstem anterior view description.JPG?width=200 "medulla]] (labelled 13), part of the [[brainstem]].")
![The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the [[hypoglossal canal]], which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the [[foramen magnum]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Base of skull 19.jpg?width=200 "The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the [[hypoglossal canal]], which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the [[foramen magnum]].")
![After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the [[vagus nerve]] and then passes behind the deep belly of the [[digastric muscle]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo 1909 693.png?width=200 "After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the [[vagus nerve]] and then passes behind the deep belly of the [[digastric muscle]].")
![deep]] to the [[hyoglossus muscle]], which it supplies. It then continues on and supplies the [[genioglossus]] muscle, and towards the tip of the tongue, where it divides into branches supplying the tongue muscles.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Slide12ww.JPG?width=200 "deep]] to the [[hyoglossus muscle]], which it supplies. It then continues on and supplies the [[genioglossus]] muscle, and towards the tip of the tongue, where it divides into branches supplying the tongue muscles.")
Wikipedia
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. CN XII is a nerve with a solely motor function. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue.
The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing, including sticking out the tongue and moving it from side to side. Damage to the nerve or the neural pathways which control it can affect the ability of the tongue to move and its appearance, with the most common sources of damage being injury from trauma or surgery, and motor neuron disease. The first recorded description of the nerve is by Herophilos in the third century BC. The name hypoglossus springs from the fact that its passage is below the tongue, from hypo (Greek: "under") and glossa (Greek: "tongue").
